Themes and purpose:

This Makkan surah is fundamentally about trials and spiritual resolve, revealed at a time when the pagan Makkans were persecuting the believers to tempt them away from Islam and to block them from emigration. It opens by asserting that testing is indispensable to faith, consoling persecuted Muslims, urging them towards patience and migration, and instructing them to remain firm in conveying the message. It utilizes the famous parable of the spider’s web to demonstrate the fragility of shirk and reaffirms the truth of the Quran and Resurrection through logical proofs.

Context of Revelation:

Era: It is a Makkan surah, belonging to the very end of the Makkan period. Some scholars have argued that some parts were revealed later, in Madinah.

Context: Its verses deal with the persecution and torture inflicted by the disbelievers on many of the believers, seeking to break them and even to block them from emigration. There are reports that ayahs 10-11 were revealed after the Hijrah concerning a group of Muslims weak in faith who remained in Makkah and were put to trial in their faith.

Chronology: It has been counted as the 85th surah in the order of revelation, revealed after Sūrat al-Rūm and before al-Muṭaffifīn.

Name and Ayah Count:

Name: The surah's established name is "Sūrat al-ʿAnkabūt" (The Spider). It takes its name fromthe parable of the spider [41], which illustrates the weakness and fragility of those who seek protection from others besides Allah.

Ayah Count: 69 ayahs by unanimous agreement.

Surah Overview:

• The opening letters signal a Quranic challenge to the deniers, and frame the central dispute over whether the Quran is truly from Allah. [1, 50–52]
• Asserting that faith must be proven through trials, and true believers must endure, and warning against lapsing in faith due to pressure. [2-4, 10-11]
• Promising believers divine support and reward for striving, while unmasking the coercive tactics of disbelievers who call others to abandon faith and try to shift blame. [6–7, 12–13, 69]
• Commanding believers to distance themselves from polytheism and its people, even when the pressure comes from the closest family ties. [8]
• Presenting the histories of earlier messengers and nations as a model for steadfastness and as proof that Muḥammad (ﷺ) came with the same essential message, with lessons embedded throughout those narratives. [14–40]
• Proving the Resurrection by directing reflection to the first creation, which is even more wondrous than re-creation. [19–20]
• The central parable: the reliance on protectors besides Allah is as flimsy as the spider’s web. [41]
• Commanding the Prophet (ﷺ) to remain steadfast in reciting and conveying the Quran and in establishing the core duties that uphold its teachings. [45]
• Laying down the principle for engaging People of the Book: argumentation “in the best manner,” with an exception for the unjust among them. [46–47]
• Proving the Quran's divine origin through the Prophet’s illiteracy, proving he could not have known these ancient stories except by revelation. [48]
• Threatening the mockers who demand punishment that the torment will come upon them suddenly. [53–55]
• Enjoining steadfastness through periods of harm, and directing those who suffered for the religion to seek safety in Allah’s “spacious earth”. [56, 59]
• Establishing reward for faith and righteousness, and accountability for falsehood and misguidance. [7, 13, 58]
• Reminding the polytheists of Allah’s favours and provision, so that gratitude leads them to abandon worship of other than Him. [17, 60, 62–63, 67]
• Compelling acknowledgement of Monotheism by building on their own admission that Allah alone created the heavens and the earth and governs their signs. [61–63]