Themes and purpose:

This Makkan surah focuses on affirming Monotheism, the truth of the Quran, and the unity of divine revelation sent to all prophets. It refutes the polytheists’ arguments, promises the Prophet (ﷺ) victory, and contrasts the severe fate of the heedless with the immense rewards awaiting believers. The surah contains a crucial reference to consultation (shūrā) as a fundamental Islamic principle.

Context of Revelation:

Era: Makkan according to most scholars.

Context: It was revealed during the late Makkan period of severe confrontation. The surah directly counters the polytheists’ challenge to prophethood and establishes the principle of consultation [38], which some believe referred to the early converts of the Helpers (Anṣār) in Madinah before the Emigrants joined them there.

Chronology: It is counted as the 69th surah in the order of revelation, revealed after Sūrat al-Kahf and before Ibrāhim.

Name and Ayah Count:

Name: The surah is known by two names: "Sūrat al-Shūrā" (The Consultation), due to the command regarding consultation [38]; and "Sūrat Ḥā-Mīm ʿAyn-Sīn-Qāf", its opening letters which distinguish it from the other surahs of the Ḥawāmīm group.

Ayah Count: 50 ayahs (Madīnah/Makkah/Shām/Baṣrah) or 53 (Kūfah).

Surah Overview:

• Revelation and Challenge: Hinting at the inimitability of the Quran through the opening letters and confirming that the revelation to Muḥammad (ﷺ) is the same kind given to all previous messengers. [1-7, 13]
• Monotheism and Creation: Proving Allah’s absolute oneness and unmatched power through the creation and governance of the cosmos. [4-5]
• Refutation of Shirk: Invalidating the polytheists’ basis for their belief in partners or children, and confirming that Allah chooses whom He wills for His message. [9, 11, 21-26]
• Warning against Division: Warning the believers not to fall into the religious schisms that afflicted previous nations. [14-16]
• Ethics of Daʿwah: Commanding the Prophet (ﷺ) to continue his mission, to call people to the truth, and to be just in his judgment among people. [15]
• Gratitude: Reminding people of Allah’s bounties (e.g., ships, rain, provision). [27-35]
• The Principle of Shūrā: Praising the believers whose affairs are managed by mutual consultation. [38]
• The Judgment: Warning of the approach of the Day of Judgment, where the consequences of their disbelief will be made manifest. [44-46, 51-53]
• Consolation: Consoling the Prophet (ﷺ) that rejection is the historical path of past messengers and affirming Allah’s protection. [44-48]
• Concluding with the powerful summary: "Unquestionably, all matters return to Allah." [51-53]