Themes and purpose:

This Makkan surah is dedicated to proving the certainty of the Day of Judgment and the truthfulness of the Quran against the arrogant deniers. It opens with powerful oaths by sacred symbols including Mount Sinai, contrasts the terrors awaiting the polytheists with the peace of Paradise, and challenges their denial by asking fundamental questions about creation and existence.

Context of Revelation:

Era: Makkan by unanimous agreement.

Context: The surah was revealed during the Makkan period of severe confrontation.

Chronology: It is counted as the 75th surah in the order of revelation, revealed after Sūrat Nūḥ and before al-Mu’minūn.

Name and Ayah Count:

Name: The surah is named "Sūrat al-Ṭūr" (The Mount) for the opening oath sworn by Mount Sinai, where Moses received revelation, confirming the divine origin of the message.

Virtue: The Prophet (ﷺ) was known to recite this surah in the Maghrib (sunset) prayer.

Ayah Count: 47 ayahs (Madīnah/Makkah) or 49 (Shām/Kūfah).

Surah Overview:

• Warning of Judgment: Opening with oaths (including the Mount and the Inscribed Book) and threatening the immediate occurrence of the Day of Resurrection and the punishment awaiting the disbelievers. [1-16]
• Reward and Contrast: Contrasting the fate of the deniers with the beautiful descriptions of the gratitude and reward of the pious. [17-28]
• Consolation: Consoling the Prophet (ﷺ) against his people's mockery (such as their calls for his death) and commanding him to patience. [29-31, 48]
• The Existential Challenge: Challenging the polytheists with questions about creation: Did they create themselves? Are they the creators of the heavens and earth? [32-37]
• Refutation of Shirk: Arguing against their belief in partners for Allah (including the belief that angels are daughters) and mocking their mockery of divine warning. [38-47]
• Final Command: Ordering the Prophet (ﷺ) to glorify Allah and await the final decree, for his enemies will surely be punished. [48-49]