Themes and purpose:

This Makkan surah opens with an oath by that City to affirm the Prophet's suffering and the universal truth that humanity was created for struggle. Its purpose is to condemn the arrogance of the wealthy who denied the Resurrection and failed to practice charity, defining the true path to salvation as overcoming the spiritual steep path of faith and compassion.

Context of Revelation:

Era: Makkan by the consensus of scholars.

Context: The surah was revealed to counter the pride of the wealthy Makkans who boasted of their generosity (when spending on personal vices or tribal honour), while opposing the Prophet (ﷺ) and neglecting the poor.

Chronology: It is counted as the 35th surah in the order of revelation, revealed after Sūrat Qāf and before al-Ṭāriq.

Name and Ayah Count:

Name: The surah is known by two main names: "Sūrat al-Balad" (The City), and "Sūrat Lā Uqsimu" (I Swear) for its opening words.

Ayah Count: 20 ayahs by consensus.

Surah Overview:

• The Oath: Swearing by the sanctity of Makkah and the Prophet’s (ﷺ) residence there to affirm the difficulty of human existence. [1-3]
• Establishing the universal truth that humanity was created in struggle. [4]
• Condemning the arrogance of the wealthy who boast of their spending and deny the judgment of Allah. [5-6]
• Moral Failure: Condemning the failure to thank Allah for the gift of senses (eyes, tongue) and the neglect of the poor, the orphan, and the starving. [7-10, 14-16]
• Defining the Steep Path to salvation as sincere faith, freeing slaves, and feeding the distressed. [11-16]
• Contrasting the fate of the Companions of the Right who followed the path, with the Companions of the Left who denied the signs and so face the Fire. [18-20]