Themes and purpose:

This Makkan surah is primarily dedicated to affirming monotheism and prophethood by recounting the comprehensive mission of Prophet Noah. Its purpose is to warn the polytheists that their continued association with God will result in the same catastrophic, inescapable punishment that destroyed the first major nation to deny its messenger.

Context of Revelation:

Era: Makkan by consensus.

Context: The surah was revealed during a period when the Prophet (ﷺ) was facing intense denial and resistance. It uses the story of the first nation to suffer divine collective punishment as a powerful, historical analogue for the conflict in Makkah.

Chronology: It is counted as the 73rd surah in the order of revelation, revealed after Sūrat al-Naḥl and before al-Ṭūr.

Name and Ayah Count:

Name: The surah is known as "Sūrat Nūḥ" (The Chapter of Noah) for its theme, and "Sūrat Innā arsalnā Nūḥan" with reference to its opening.

Ayah Count: 30 ayahs (Madīnah/Makkah) or 28/29 (Kūfah/Baṣrah/Shām).

Surah Overview:

• The Historical Precedent: The primary objective is using the destruction of the people of Nūḥ as a definitive example and warning to the current polytheists. [1-4]
• Monotheism and Proofs: Detailing Nūḥ's lengthy call to monotheism, proving Allah’s sole divinity through the marvels of creation (sun, moon, earth, rain). [5-18]
• Warning of Punishment: Warning Nūḥ’s people (and implicitly the polytheists) of the impending great flood and terrible torment. [4, 13, 25]
• Idols and Design: Naming the specific idols (Wadd, Suwāʿ, Yaghūth, Yaʿūq, Nasr) worshipped by Nūḥ’s people and confirming their people's design to mislead others. [23-24]
• The Final Plea: Detailing Nūḥ’s ultimate prayer for the destruction of the disbelievers and for the forgiveness of the believers. [26-28]
• Reward: Integrating the promise of abundant provision, increased progeny, and gardens for those who obey Allah. [10-12]
• Conclusion: Concluding with Nūḥ’s prayer for forgiveness and blessings for the believers and destruction for the wicked. [28]